this includes

Press equipment: This material is abrasion resistant (обладает высоким сопротивлением истиранию).

   This is a name for sweetened whipped cream flavored with vanilla (sugar). The term may also be used to describe sauces that have had whipped cream folded into them. This includes both sweet and savory sauces.

•

This includes the formation of estrogen through a series of oxidation and reduction reactions.

•

Neutralization of the acid through the addition of (or by adding)...

•

These data can be obtained through long-term observation.

•

The spring acts on the valve spindle via (or through the medium of) the yoke.

•

The relay controls large values of current and power through the utilization of a special cold cathode tube.

•

This includes various types of scrap 3/8 in. thick (or in thickness).

•

A 5 mm thick layer (or A layer 5 mm thick) was...

Adv.

1. (dazu) to this ( oder these); gleichzeitig, als Ergänzung, Beilage etc.: with this; (hierfür) for this ( oder it)

2. (zu diesem Zweck) for this (purpose)

3. (zu diesem Punkt) concerning this, on this score

* * *

1) (= dafür) for this; (= dazu) with this

2) (= außerdem) in addition to this, moreover

3) (= zu diesem Punkt) about this

* * *

1. (dazu) with it

hmm, Lachs, \hierzu gehört eigentlich ein trockener Weißwein! hmm, salmon, you should really drink dry white wine with it!

2. (zu dieser Kategorie)

\hierzu gehören [o zählen] to belong to [or in] this category

\hierzu gehört [o zählt] ... this includes...

3. (zu diesem Punkt) to this

sich akk \hierzu äußern to say something/anything about this

\hierzu vergleichen Sie bitte die Anmerkung auf Seite 23 please compare this to the note on page 23

* * *

1) (zu dieser Sache) with this

2) (zu dieser Gruppe)

3)

4) (hinsichtlich dieser Sache) about this

* * *

hierzu adv

1. (dazu) to this ( oder these); gleichzeitig, als Ergänzung, Beilage etc: with this; (hierfür) for this ( oder it)

2. (zu diesem Zweck) for this (purpose)

3. (zu diesem Punkt) concerning this, on this score

* * *

1) (zu dieser Sache) with this

2) (zu dieser Gruppe)

3)

4) (hinsichtlich dieser Sache) about this

* * *

for this purpose expr.

impeccable.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 impeccable, faultless

\

ir impecable to be impeccably dressed

* * *

ADJ impeccable, faultless

* * *

adjetivo impeccable

* * *

= immaculate, impeccable, flawless, unimpeachable, spic(k)-and-span, speckless, spotless, neat and tidy.

Ex. This article traces the life of Otto Rohse, his immaculate typography, imaginative and sensitive illustrations, and his private press.

Ex. Oxford University Press have been very successful in establishing their 'brand image' with the Oxford dictionaries which have distinguished editors of impeccable qualifications but the books are still marketed primarily as Oxford books.

Ex. No system is flawless, however, and this includes SC350.

Ex. This is an eloquent, moving testament to the lifework of a major artist of unimpeachable technique and passion.

Ex. ' Spick and Span' is a comedy that examines how individuals cope with death in a society that likes to sweep things under the rug.

Ex. He wore black speckless clothes, silk stockings, silver buckles, and either a slim green silk umbrella, or a genteel brown cane.

Ex. A look into Jennifer's life revealed few clues -- she had a spotless reputation and was loved by everyone around her.

Ex. Singers and other entertainers in Burma have been warned to cut out saucy behaviour and be neat and tidy or face the consequences.

----

* de comportamiento impecable = prim and proper.

* * *

adjetivo impeccable

* * *

* * *

impeccable

la presentación era impecable the presentation was impeccable o faultless

va siempre impecable she is always immaculately o impeccably dressed

se expresó en un español impecable her Spanish was impeccable o faultless

* * *

◊ va siempre impecable she is always impeccably dressed

* * *

impecable adj

impeccable

* * *

adj impeccable

* * *

impecable adj

intachable: impeccable, faultless

♦ impecablemente adv

* * *

impecable adj impeccable

► adjetivo

1 perfect

* * *

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=ideal) perfect

2) (=completo) complete

SM (Ling) perfect, perfect tense

* * *

- ta adjetivo

a) (ideal, excelente) perfect

b) (delante del n) ( absoluto)

interjección fine!

* * *

= perfect, ideally suited, flawless, seamless, unblemished, untainted, perfect fit.

Ex. Absence of human interpretation of content leads to perfect predictability and consistency in the generation of index entries.

Ex. For this reason alone, the printed catalogue is not ideally suited to a rapidly changing stock.

Ex. No system is flawless, however, and this includes SC350.

Ex. CD-I (CD-Interactive) finally allows them to be integrated together in a seamless fashion = Finalmente el CD-I (CD-Interactivo) les permite integrarse de una manera transparente.

Ex. Many traditional treatments, on the other hand, have tended to glorify him portraying him as an unblemished hero.

Ex. The information needs of minorities are important and that libraries must organise to become neutral service points making untainted information available to all.

Ex. Terms of the sale are undisclosed but the acquisition is believed by Gale to be a perfect fit with its own group growth strategy.

----

* blanco perfecto = sitting duck.

* combinación perfecta = perfect match.

* dominio perfecto = a fine art.

* ejemplo perfecto = perfect example.

* en perfecto estado = intact, in mint condition, in immaculate condition.

* en un mundo perfecto = in a perfect world.

* pareja perfecta = perfect match, perfect couple.

* perfecta demostración = object lesson.

* perfecto estado = intactness.

* ser perfecto = be right, be spot on, fit + the bill.

* * *

- ta adjetivo

a) (ideal, excelente) perfect

b) (delante del n) ( absoluto)

interjección fine!

* * *

* * *

1 (ideal, excelente) perfect

se encuentra en perfecto estado de salud she is in perfect health

es un regalo perfecto it is a perfect gift

el marido perfecto the perfect husband

2 ( delante del n)

(absoluto): es un perfecto caballero he's a perfect gentleman

un perfecto idiota an absolute o a complete idiot

es un perfecto desconocido en nuestro país he is completely unknown o he is a complete unknown in our country

fine!

¿te paso a recoger a las siete? — ¡perfecto! shall I pick you up at seven? — fine o ( colloq) great!

¡perfecto! lo conseguimos great o fantastic! we did it ( colloq)

* * *

◊ -ta adjetivo

a) (ideal, excelente) perfect

b) ( delante del n) ( absoluto):

◊ un perfecto caballero a perfect gentleman;

* * *

♦ adj

1. [impecable, inmejorable] perfect;

es el regalo perfecto it's the perfect gift;

la sopa está perfecta the soup is perfect o just right;

el televisor está en perfecto estado the television is in perfect o immaculate condition

2. [total] absolute, complete;

es un perfecto idiota he's an absolute o complete idiot;

es un perfecto desconocido he's a complete unknown

3. Gram perfect

♦ interj

* * *

I adj perfect

II m GRAM perfect (tense)

* * *

perfecto, -ta adj

: perfect

♦ perfectamente adv

* * *

perfecto adj perfect

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Adv.

1. räumlich: under(neath) this ( oder it)

2. (unter dieser Menge) (included) among them ( oder these)

3. verstehen etc.: by that; hierunter verstehe ich by that I mean

* * *

hereunder

* * *

1) (lit) under or beneath this or here

2) (fig) by this or that; (= in dieser Kategorie) among these

* * *

1. (unter diesem Gegenstand) under here

2. (unter diesen Gegenstand) under here

3. (in diese Gruppe) among it/them

\hierunter fallen to fall into this category

* * *

1) (unter diese[r] Stelle) under here

2)

3) (unter die genannte/der genannten Gruppe) among these

* * *

hierunter adv

1. räumlich: under(neath) this ( oder it)

2. (unter dieser Menge) (included) among them ( oder these)

3. verstehen etc: by that;

hierunter verstehe ich by that I mean

* * *

1) (unter diese[r] Stelle) under here

2)

3) (unter die genannte/der genannten Gruppe) among these

* * *

beneath this expr.

commercial activity, trading.

* * *

(n.) = commercial activity

Ex. This includes the liability for all bodily injury, material or immaterial damage, caused to any third party within the framework of their commercial activity.

* * *

personal injury.

* * *

(n.) = bodily injury, bodily harm, physical injury

Ex. This includes the liability for all bodily injury, material or immaterial damage, caused to any third party within the framework of their commercial activity.

Ex. A singer from a girl band has been charged with causing bodily harm for failing to inform partners she was HIV positive.

Ex. The first thing you want to do at the scene of the accident is to make sure that you and any passengers you have in your vehicle have no physical injuries.

* * *

(n.) = material damage

Ex. This includes the liability for all bodily injury, material or immaterial damage, caused to any third party within the framework of their commercial activity.

* * *

(n.) = immaterial damage

Ex. This includes the liability for all bodily injury, material or immaterial damage, caused to any third party within the framework of their commercial activity.

* * *

(n.) = terminal emulation

Ex. This includes terminal emulation to access popular online catalogues or other systems allowing remote access.

* * *

hier·zu [ʼhi:ɐ̭ʼtsu:] adv

1) ( dazu) with it;

hmm, Lachs, \hierzu gehört eigentlich ein trockener Weißwein! hmm, salmon, you should really drink dry white wine with it!

2) ( zu dieser Kategorie)

\hierzu gehören [o zählen] to belong to [or in] this category;

\hierzu gehört [o zählt] ... this includes...

3) ( zu diesem Punkt) to this;

sich \hierzu äußern to say something/anything about this;

\hierzu vergleichen Sie bitte die Anmerkung auf Seite 23 please compare this to the note on page 23

1 opposition, reluctance, resistance.

2 opposition, reaction, counteraction, objection.

3 Opposition benches.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (antagonismo) opposition

2 (examen) competitive examination

\

preparar las oposiciones to study for a competitive exam

* * *

1) opposition

2) competitive exam

* * *

1) [gen] opposition

2) Esp

* * *

1)

a) ( enfrentamiento) opposition

b) (Pol) opposition

2) (Esp, Ven) ( concurso) (public) competitive examination

* * *

= opposition, antagonism, counteraction [counter-action].

Ex. I would like to ask each of them to tell us whether in fact there is a clear difference of opinion and direct opposition or whether there is no real inconsistency.

Ex. The influx of large numbers of Spanish-speaking people has brought to the surface feelings of antagonism on the part established residents, who feel threatened by the 'encroachment' of 'have-nots' into their neighborhoods.

Ex. For the individual who seeks to react rationally, whether by personal complaint or collective counteraction, it is often difficult even to discover the information which is needed to make a start.

----

* eludir una oposición = negotiate + resistance.

* encontrar oposición = meet with + opposition, find + opposition.

* en oposición a = as against, versus (vs - abreviatura).

* grupo de la oposición = opposition group.

* oposición + crear = opposition + line up.

* oposición, la = political opposition, the.

* oposición política, la = political opposition, the.

* partido de la oposición = opposition party.

* sin oposición = without opposition, unchallenged, unopposed.

* * *

1)

a) ( enfrentamiento) opposition

b) (Pol) opposition

2) (Esp, Ven) ( concurso) (public) competitive examination

* * *

la oposición

* * *

oposiciones (↑ oposición a1)

1 (enfrentamiento) opposition oposición A algo opposition TO sth

hubo una fuerte oposición popular a la nueva ley there was strong popular opposition to the law

2 ( Pol) opposition

B ( Esp) (examen) (public) competitive examination

ganó la plaza por oposición he got the post by taking o ( BrE) sitting a competitive examination

estoy preparando oposiciones I'm studying for my exams

* * *

◊ hacer oposiciones to take o (BrE) sit a competitive examination

* * *

oposición nf

1. [resistencia] opposition (a to);

2. [política]

los partidos de la oposición the opposition parties

3. [examen] = competitive public examination for employment in the civil service, education, legal system etc;

oposición a profesor = public examination to obtain a state teaching post;

preparar oposiciones to be studying for a public examination;

conseguir una plaza por oposición to obtain a post by sitting a public examination

When a Spanish person wishes to work in the civil service (this includes becoming a teacher in a state school), he or she has to take oposiciones. These are public examinations held to fill vacancies on a national, provincial or local basis. The positions attained through these exams normally imply a job for life (with a working day from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m.), and they are much sought after in a country with a tradition of high unemployment. There are usually far too many candidates for every job advertised, so the requirements listed can be extremely rigorous: if you apply to be a postal worker or a clerk you may have to show an in-depth knowledge of the Constitution and of Spanish cultural issues. This is why many people spend years preparing for these examinations, especially for posts with more responsibility.

* * *

1 POL opposition

oposiciones pl official entrance exams

* * *

oposición nf, pl - ciones : opposition

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oposición n

1. (en general) opposition

2. (examen) competitive examination

aide [εd]

1. feminine noun

   a. ( = assistance) help

• apporter son aide à qn to help sb

• à l'aide ! help!

► à l'aide de with the help of

• ouvrir qch à l'aide d'un couteau to open sth with a knife

   b. (en équipement, en argent etc) aid

• l'aide humanitaire humanitarian aid

2. masculine noun, feminine noun

( = personne) assistant

3. compounds

► aide au développement development aid

► aide à l'embauche employment incentive

► aide familiale ( = personne) home help (Brit), home helper (US)

► aide judiciaire legal aid

► aide maternelle, aide ménagère ( = personne) home help (Brit), home helper (US)

► aide personnalisée au logement ≈ housing benefit (Brit) or subsidy (US)

► aide aux personnes âgées care for the elderly

► aide sociale social security (Brit), welfare (US)

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nom masculin et féminin ( dans un travail) assistant

aide- (in compounds)

- aide de camp

1) ( secours) (d'individu, de groupe) help, assistance; (d'État, organisme) assistance

2) ( en argent) aid [U]

•

- aide au développement

- aide à domicile

- aide familiale

- aide judiciaire

- aide sociale

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1. nmf

2. nf

1) (= secours, assistance) help, assistance

2) [organisations humanitaires ou charitables] aid

3) (= contribution financière, subvention) financial assistance

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aide ⇒ Les métiers et les professions

A nmf ( dans un travail) assistant.

B nf

1 ( secours) (d'individu, de groupe) help, assistance; (d'État, organisme) assistance; appeler à l'aide to call for help; à l'aide! help!; avec/sans l'aide de qn with/without sb's help; à l'aide de with the help ou aid of [tournevis, dictionnaire, police]; proposer son aide à qn to offer to help sb; apporter son aide à qn to help sb; il m'a apporté une aide considérable he was a great help to me; venir/aller à l'aide de qn to come/to go to sb's aid ou assistance; venir en aide à qn ( financièrement) to help ou aid sb;

2 ( en argent) ( à un pays) aid ¢; ( aux démunis) aid ¢, allowance ∁; (à une industrie, un organisme) aid ¢, subsidy ∁; ( pour un projet) aid ¢, grant ∁; recevoir des aides de to receive financial backing ou aid from [État, organisme]; les aides à la famille financial aid for families; recevoir une aide de 2 000 euros to receive 2,000 euros in aid.

aide de camp aide-de-camp; aide au développement foreign aid; aide à domicile home help GB, home helper US; aide familiale mother's help GB, mother's helper US; aide française international aid programme^GB; aide judiciaire legal aid; aide légale = aide judiciaire; aide maternelle = aide familiale; aide médicale health care; aide médicale gratuite free health care; aide ménagère = aide à domicile; aide au retour incentive for voluntary repatriation; aide sociale social security benefits GB, welfare benefits US.

ⓘ Aide au retour A government measure to encourage the repatriation of foreign nationals who wish to return to their country of origin.

ⓘ Aide française This refers to the government programme of international aid, mainly directed to French-speaking countries in Africa.

ⓘ Aide judiciaire The legal aid available to those whose income is below a certain level. This includes awards for the costs of a case and also free initial legal consultations.

[ɛd] nom féminin

1. [appui] help, assistance, aid

2. INFORMATIQUE

3. [don d'argent] aid

aide à la reconversion des entreprises industrial reconversion grants

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aides nom féminin pluriel

à l'aide de locution prépositionnelle

1. [avec] with the help of

2. [au secours de]

[ɛd] nom masculin

1. [assistant - payé] assistant ; [ - bénévole] helper

2. (comme adjectif; avec ou sans trait d'union) assistant (modificateur)

3. MILITAIRE

aide de camp aide-de-camp

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[ɛd] nom féminin

a. [travailleuse familiale] home help

b. [jeune fille au pair] au pair